Comprehensive review on dendrimers and approach to multiples

Abstract

Dendrimers are structurally sophisticated, highly branched polymeric nanoparticles distinguished by their uniform size, precise molecular architecture, and three-dimensional tree-like configuration. Their structure is composed of a central core from which successive layers of repeating branching units, known as generations, extend outward, culminating in numerous reactive terminal functional groups. Due to their nanoscale dimensions (generally ranging from 1–10 nm), controlled molecular weight, and high density of surface functionalities, dendrimers have gained considerable attention as advanced nanocarriers in pharmaceutical and biomedical research. The presence of internal cavities allows the encapsulation of therapeutic molecules, while the abundant surface groups enable covalent attachment of drugs, targeting ligands, and diagnostic agents, thereby facilitating multifunctional delivery within a single nanosystem.
Several classes of dendrimers, including poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(propylene imine) (PPI), and polyester-based dendrimers, have been extensively explored for drug delivery applications. These nanosystems significantly improve the solubility, physicochemical stability, bioavailability, and controlled release behavior of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the field of gene therapy, positively charged (cationic) dendrimers readily interact with negatively charged nucleic acids, forming stable complexes that protect genetic material from enzymatic degradation and enhance intracellular transport. Moreover, advanced surface modification techniques have enabled the design of targeted, stimuli-responsive, and biocompatible dendrimer formulations tailored to specific therapeutic requirements.
Although dendrimers offer notable advantages such as structural uniformity, high loading capacity, and multifunctionality, certain limitations remain. Challenges including complex multi-step synthesis, difficulties in large-scale production, potential cytotoxicity—particularly with highly cationic surfaces—and limited biodegradability must be carefully considered. Current research efforts are therefore directed toward the development of safer, biodegradable, and clinically translatable dendrimer systems with improved therapeutic performance and reduced toxicity.
In summary, dendrimers constitute a highly promising category of polymeric nanoparticles with wide-ranging applications in drug delivery, gene therapy, diagnostic imaging, and nanomedicine, holding substantial potential for future clinical advancements.

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